DENDERA TEMPLE

DENDERA TEMPLE

The Earthly Home of the Goddess Hathor

                          
Day trips leave Luxor for Dendera temple on the cruise boats and so I decided to visit this temple as at Dendera I would experience a new chapter  within  Egyptian civilization,  and walk through a temple that had been recreated in the era of the Greek Ptolemy’s and finally the Romans, I would walk in the same temple that probably the most famous of all queens, Cleopatra herself had walked in and  made offerings to the Goddess Hathor the beautiful one, goddess of love, motherhood and female sexuality, the goddess of the cycles of life and fertility, a goddess whose priestesses were trained in the sacred tantric arts of adornment and lovemaking, one of the keys I think that would unlock Cleopatra’s mystical influence and charm.

Through the centuries of time some people are just born to live a simple life, while others are born to be great, the great don’t just live inside the pages of history, they make it happen, and like a human cyclone or turbulent whirl wind they enflame their surroundings and light a burning torch of life becoming a light in the darkness and centuries of history. Even when their whirlwind dies, it doesn’t really matter because they truly lived life to the full for that one moment in time, and the cyclone they created is acknowledged for all time. Cleopatra V1 was one of these people, she came to the throne at the age of seventeen with her younger brother Ptolemy X11 and like Hatshepsut centuries before her she wanted to rule alone. Although of Greek origin Cleopatra learnt the Egyptian language and like a lioness she took Egypt as the cub to her breast and fearlessly protected her heritage. Cleopatra like Hatshepsut was a very determined woman, at 22 she was delivered at the feet of Julius Caesar wrapped in an oriental rug, she desperately needed his help to end the struggle for power between herself and her younger brother Ptolemy X11, with the arrival of Roman re-enforcements her brothers army was crushed in a sea battle at Alexandria and the young king was drowned. Cleopatra and Julius Caesar became lovers and she bore him a son Caesarion, she now had ultimate power of Egypt, with the protection of Julius Caesar, who was Rome in the eyes of Cleopatra, sadly her misconception of Roman culture, and their dislike of her usurping Caesar’s roman wife would eventually lead to her downfall. In all of Egypt this is the only temple that shows a relief of Cleopatra with her son, they are shown on the rear wall of the temple in union with the goddess Hathor and her son Ihy, at the opposite end. Across from their image is a small chapel created for the Goddess Isis by Augustus, the Roman Emperor who would have taken Cleopatra in chains to Rome unless she had chosen to die with the deadly bite of a snake, and on her death he pursued her son Caesarian who was then betrayed into his hands and was murdered.

Of all the temples in Egypt Dendera Temple would have been the most important temple for Cleopatra, as a mother she would have come to Dendera to ask the Goddess Hathor for her love help and protection, during the pregnancy and birth of her son Ceasarion by Julius Caesar. This temple was a place of pilgrimage where divine healing and magical cures took place in the sanatorium, and wondrous festivals were celebrated in the astrological cycles that are vividly painted in turquoise and gold on the ceilings that celebrated the birth of Horus and the union of Horus to the Goddess Hathor
Dendera is the earthly home of Het Heru, Hathor the Goddess of love healing and joy, who had been adored by Egyptians and then embraced by the Greeks and Romans who completely rebuilt her temple over the original remains leaving us with the Greco-Roman temple we see today. Sadly the later roman era also saw the beginnings of the early Christians and Coptic faith who then destroyed the faces of Hathor trying to eradicate her magic and power, and many centuries later, a small Arab community built mud hut houses on the temple roof and made homes within her divine chambers bringing their donkeys chickens and cooking fires within.

Walking beneath the main gateway a wide pathway runs like a river directly to the main entrance of the temple. The first impression of Dendera temple  is quite solemn, what we can see of the temple today was created during the  Greek era and added to during the Roman rule of Egypt. Although the famous Egyptian pharaoh Khufu the great pyramid builder himself had originally built on this site.   The temple dominates the area whilst the mud brick walls surrounding the temple are all in disarray and broken. To the left of the temple are the remains of a Coptic church and Mammsi houses, some broken and some still in good order and a small sacred lake that now reminds me more of a drinking well for camels in an oasis at the desert. The temple is why I am here, and it is not disappointing, although not what I expected, the front of the temple is divided by half panels, these are supported by  six sturdy columns each bearing the  serenely beautiful head of Hathor with her unusual cow ears, a nurturing mother goddess, above her head rests a Naos box with tiny representations, looking up at  the two columns each side of the entrance within the naos box there was a very small image of the Goddess Hathor who stands at the side of the door to her temple  welcoming us into her earthly home, it was a nice feeling to be welcomed by Hathor herself and so I entered through the doorway into the great court of Heaven, where 18 hypostyle columns stretched   across each side of the room leaving a wide path that flowed through the center of the temple  towards the inner halls and sanctuary and a primeval mound of creation. From the top of each column inside the gloomy hypostyle hall the face of a rather sad and compassionate Goddess Hathor gazed down on us mere mortals, probably influencing my Initial feelings, as I felt a wave of sadness wash over me, subdued,  I tried to find a face on the top of the columns that had not been damaged,  the walls and ceiling of this Hall were black with the damage from the fires as they no longer understood or respected the ancient Egyptian gods and a temple seemed as good a place to them to convert into a home. The gloom added to the somberness of my mood, but I wandered through the columns staring up at the ceiling, and eventually to my joyous relief I realized that the ceiling was being  renovated half of  the  original sacred colours of turquoise and gold had defiantly fought their way through the blackened mists of the smoke damage.

Walking towards the corner of the room I recognized the outstretched arms of Nut the goddess of the sky, her name is pronounced Noot and means night, her elegant arms and legs were the pillars to the earth, her face was so beautiful and serene as she swallows the evening sun. Her slim elongated body snuggly wraps itself around the corner of the room and her long back extends across this length of ceiling creating her nightly shroud of Heaven, I followed her around as her elegant legs curved around the next corner of the hall as she gave birth to the sun in the morning, and each new day the first rays of light shine down onto the face of 'The Golden One’ the Goddess Hathor that had been deeply cut into the ceiling. I think the face of Hathor must be carved in gold because it still shines today.  During the daylight Nut and her husband Geb are separated but once the light of the day diminishes she gradually draws down to lay on the body of her husband Geb and the earth succumbs to darkness.  Nut was the barrier that separated the forces of chaos from the ordered cosmos of the ancient world. Gazing up at the ceiling, a row of Heavenly barque sailed across the night sky beneath the starlit body of Nut.

This hall of heaven reflects the stars, I see Sagittarius the half man half horse pulling back on his bow with his arrow poised on the future. A tiny barque sails directly beneath the sun and the first ray of light a barque carries an open lotus flower that appears to have a snake rising from it; this is a representation of Ihy, the son of Hathor and Horus, as he appears for the first time out of the primordial sea.  He was the beautiful child of brilliant light, the offspring who lights humanity with the rays of the sun and floods the land with gold. On a slightly larger barque in front of Ihy sit his mother Hathor and the goddess Isis, the procession of barque carry all the gods of the sky, surrounding them and above their heads are golden stars which represent the homes of departed souls, and the silver and golden star gates to travel back and forth between heaven and earth.

`I am a soul, I am a star of gold, Here I am, O Ra, I am your son, I am a soul, a star of Gold.’

One of my earliest childhood memories that often haunted me was the death of my great grandfather; I distinctly remember the pain of searching for him even though I was such a small child. I looked everywhere for him, eventually my search always ended under the kitchen table and I would  silently sit on the cross bars beneath a deep brown velvet curtain that trailed from above  the dining room table with its huge bulbous carved corner legs where I would silently brood. Eventually my grandmothers told me that my grandfather had gone to heaven, and if I looked up at the sky at night I would see him because he was a star now and he would shine down on me and guide me through my life. Many Years later I stood in the hypostyle hall at Dendera beneath the heavens, and I smiled and felt good, and remembered my great grandfather again and the love that he had endowed upon me. Isn’t it strange how small pieces of ancient history from the far corners of the earth filter down through the centuries of time and little sayings that we hear today can still relate to the beliefs of ancient civilizations?

Arriving at the Inner door the gradient of the floor subtly increases and I passed through into another small hypostyle hall that was even gloomier and contained six columns and had three chambers on each side. The temple was getting gloomier the deeper I went inside and the floor continued to gradually rise and led me through another door into a small hallway, in the corner of this hallway I was drawn towards a shaft of light that detailed a staircase on my right, I walked  up the steps that were no longer level,  over the centuries so many feet had climbed these stairs that the center surface sunk and seemed to sway to the sides, creating before me a stone vision of  individual waves rolling on the crest of the sea, so I walked up the staircase carefully and once I arrived at the top   a sudden turn was made,  I proceeded to follow this new flight of giddy steps, and in the gloomy light I had a strange feeling  that I wasn’t alone , a square shaft of light enhanced the wall and I then saw at the side of me on each step continuing up the stairs in  raised relief was a priest, so I stopped in wonder for a few minutes to look at the procession of priests as they continued up the stairs, the lighting was so subdued I  could not safely continue to walk up the steps and look at the same time, gently I touched the relief as would a blind man to hold  a vision in my mind, the higher I climbed the more I experienced feelings of elation, the  relief’s portrayed the New Year celebration and some of the priests wore strange masks and carried offerings and  the shrine of Hathor up the staircase towards the roof to await a very special dawn, as the procession walked up this staircase the priests would have chanted prayers for Hathor.

Coming out into the brightness of the daylight I adjusted my eyes and then I walked over to the small chapel in the corner, this was where the priests placed the shrine of Hathor in the final hours before the dawn to wait for the star Sothis that would rise once a year with the dawn, on one of the most important days of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar. For seventy days Sirius, one of the brightest stars would not have been seen, it was the symbol of the goddess Isis in the heavens, on the first dawn after the seventieth day she rises again with the sun and remains visible for just a few moments, this special moment marks the beginning of the Ancient Egyptian New year, and it also marked the beginning of the annual flood of the River Nile.  At the end of this day the goddess Hathor like the setting sun was then taken across the roof to the opposite staircase and delivered safely back to her sanctuary within the temple. Walking across the roof diagonally to the opposite corner I entered into the small chapel dedicated to the god Osiris, within the middle room  the famous circular zodiac ceiling is portrayed, the Romans had incorporated their own beliefs with the Egyptians to create this amazing ceiling, which is one of the earliest representations of the zodiac ever to be found, the original is no longer at Dendera it was blasted off the ceiling after Napoleons expedition had brought it to the attention of the world, In 1821 an antiquities collector employed a French engineer who came to remove and collect the zodiac ceiling, it arrived in Paris in 1822 and was put on show until King Louis XV111 bought it for 150.000 francs, a plaster cast impression of the original is all that is now left at Dendera, the original is now on show in the Louvre Museum. There is a circle of the heavens that is supported by four feminine figures standing erect at the four corners of the cardinal points of the earth, within the heavens we can see the zodiac representations that almost appear to swirl around as the earth revolves.

Leaving the roof I walked towards the western staircase and as a shaft of light captured the relief’s of the priests I joined them on their journey back down the steps leading down into the Inner sanctuary of the Temple again to return the goddess Hathor who was now bursting with new life and health having spent New Years Day on the roof soaking up the rays of the Sun to rejuvenate her Ka, and the vibrations of the Nile would evoke the inundation of Egypt. The temple was filled with music from the sistra rattle whose bells on each of the four bars of the sistrum were tuned to the specific vibration of one of the four elements of nature, playing the sistrum the beautiful priestesses symbolized Hathor’s generative powers and her ability to keep the world in harmony and balance and ward off all evil influences.

Arriving downstairs I wandered through the small sanctuaries and arrived at the Flame room which has an entrance in the floor to the secret crypts. I went down the steep wooden staircase, and had to virtually crawl under a small square entrance that open up into a small narrow passage that in turn opened up to the same narrow  chambers, the lighting seemed to glow an iridescent green, in this crypt an unusual relief shows what many people believe to be a light bulb.



Coming out of the crypt  I continued through the small sanctuaries where I found a room that represents the Seven Hathor’s,  three carry tambourines and four carry sistra, it was said that when a child was born the seven Hathor’s arrived at the birth and proclaimed the fate of the child.

I decided to look around the exterior of the temple and as I emerged into the light I shaded my eyes from a dazzling sun and a turquoise sky, walking around the outside of the temple I was disappointed to find many of the relief’s have been vandalized, where faces and bodies have been hacked and chipped away on the relief’s of the lower sections, occasionally a lions head leaps out from the edge of the roof which somehow seems odd on an Egyptian temple, but then I reminded myself that this temple has the Greek and then Roman influence. Turning the corner of the back wall I had arrived at the only relief of the most famous Queen of all, Cleopatra, I looked up to see her with her son Caesarion, I had created such a vivid impression in my mind of a beautiful woman, an untouchable warrior almost, and to be honest I was disappointed when I saw her relief, compared to many of the stunning relief’s in the temples of both the East and West bank of Luxor it did not befit the image I had created in my mind or recreate an  inspiring relief of one of the most famous women in the world, Disappointed I followed the wall along to the far corner where The Goddess Hathor with her son Ihy faced Cleopatra, going around the corner I followed the side wall where my enthusiasm increased as the relief’s were untouched, beautiful and unspoilt once more, and they portrayed the harvest festival, where  the beautiful goddess Sekhet, the goddess of the fields brings the produce of the land to the temple, she walked through the fields of wheat Papyrus and lotus, small geese fly from the ground whilst she follows a calf, her breath has the  scent of flowers and she is adorned with Lotus blossoms, and in her arms she carries Lotus geese fruits and wine.  All temples survived on the produce of the land, and the produce of the harvest Festival at Dendera proceeded the most spectacular festival known as the Festival of The Beautiful embrace where once a year after the harvest, the Divine Statue of the Goddess Hathor’s barque was loaded with the produce of the fields in preparation for the visit she made to see her Husband the God Horus at his earthly home the Temple Of Edfu. In splendid celebration Hathor was carried from her sanctuary within Dendera and greeted by all important dignitaries and priests, the locals were allowed to join this celebration, then gently her splendid barque that was known as ‘Great of Love’ carried her upstream where she was joined by a flotilla of barques until she arrived at Karnack Temple, where she would stay for a few days to visit the Goddess Mut, the wife of Amun Ra, where they held the festival of Drunkenness', more barques joined her flotilla as she left Karnack to continue her journey, Her Husband Horus would leave his temple and head downstream to greet her and in glorious celebration he would escort his wife to his home of Edfu Temple to  begin  fourteen days of joyous celebration where their sacred marriage was enacted once more and their son Ihy was conceived. From his own Barque Horus greets his wife Hathor, surrounded by a flotilla of Boats, once on shore, they join together, the procession continues on foot, around the city, the chantress, the Sistrum players, the dancers, all the people join in, they chant for her: "Hail Hathor, welcome in peace With your beautiful face, happy face، your beauty has captured the heart of Horus,The beautiful one has arrived from Dendera to Edfu, let her joy and beauty shine over Edfu, Oh you who carry the barque shrine, be careful, she's the daughter of Ra who adores her, she's his eye and we'll, mother of gods and creator of life Oh be careful Walk slowly and in order, you are aware of her Anger, she's the destroyer of the enemies of Ra, Let her beauty bring back the flood, she's the goddess of joy, love, music and all blessings for all the living

Each day throughout the waxing moon the same set of ceremonies were carefully performed. It was felt that on the evening of the fourth day Ihy, the son of Horus and Hathor, was conceived .Then on the day of the full moon Hathor bid Horus farewell and began her return journey to her own temple once more.
My own short trip to the temple of Hathor had come to an end,  and we joined the cruise boat once more where a fantastic banquet was waiting for us The afternoon wore on and the sky changed from cool turquoise to slight amber then burning copper with burning flames of orange, the west bank became serene and the village life quiet,  The Nile had turned black, with glints of diamonds that flashed occasionally in its ripples as they drifted towards a now secretive west embankment that was interspersed occasionally with the occasional dark outline shadows of  houses and  palm trees,  the Goddess Nut embraced  her husband Geb the god of the earth and it was evening once more,  it was now time for Ra to begin his  evening  journey  through the treacherous underworld on his celestial boat.

My journey up the river had drawn to a close as we reached the bend in the river and Luxor came into view once more. Oh what a homecoming, what a wonderful sight to greet my eyes, In this serene evening on the river the temple of Luxor bathed in shining golden light, it was magnificent as its reflection echoed within the ripples of the  darkest edges of the river, as our boat gently eased its way towards the shore, it was embraced by the vivaciousness and warmth that is Luxor  glowing with the  heat of the night and bursting  with life along the Corniche, at that moment I realized how the French troops had been amazed by the sight of Karnack Temple, they had immediately stood to attention and saluted to a drum roll. Two centuries later our boat peacefully glided towards the lights of the east bank like a moth to a flame to the ethereal sounds of pan pipes that hauntingly echoed over the cool evening breeze across the deck of our boat. Tomorrow my journey into the past would end and I would return home once more to a land that held no mysteries for me, my spirit had soar and  grown and was fulfilled in the land of Eternity. It had entered the River Nile but like a small ripple it was lost in the overwhelming flow of the river that has immortalized and sustained the civilization of Ancient Egypt.

The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Dier El Bahari

The MORTUARY TEMPLE of HATSHEPSUT
       
Splendor of Splendors

 Riding my bike through a gorge of twisting pink rippled rock I noticed small caves occasionally where alabaster had been quarried from. It was not long before I saw facing me the stunning Temple of Hatshepsut. I stopped pedaling and slowly the bike cruised to a standstill, I wanted to let the experience of this really dramatic and impressive stage like temple with its gleaming white limestone colonnades seep into my bones. The Osiris statues of Hatshepsut smile down on the traveler in amused triumph holding the flail and whip, a symbol of power and fertility. It was incredible to stand and look at this hidden place of worship, admire it's breath taking simplicity of line and at the same time try and comprehend how such things could be accomplished thousands of years ago, a beautiful temple driven into and becoming part of the sheer pink and gold rock face that rises around it. This temple is the one thing above everything that testifies the strength and determination of a woman in a male dominated world.


Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple is dedicated to the Goddess Hathor (Het-Heru) 'Lady of Heaven' who was the daughter of Nut and Ra, the wife of Horus, and mother to Ihy, Hathor was also considered a mother Goddess and the Mother of the King. In her Human form Hathor unusually has the serene yet beautiful face of a woman yet her ears are those of a cow, one of the relief’s in the temple shows her in the form of a cow as the pharaoh suckles from her. Hathor was also honored as ' Lady of the Western mountain' this refers to the place of the setting sun and the realm of the dead, she was a Sky Goddess, a protector of cemeteries, a Goddess of the dead, a goddess of love, she presided over fate healing music and dance. Some of the columns on the highest level of the temple are made in the form of a sistrum; a musical instrument that is sacred to Hathor and was always used in temple rituals and celebrations. These columns are a representation of the sistrum handle and above this sits the head of Hathor which also has a representation of the metal loop of the sistrum.


Queen Hatshepsut Maatkare ‘Foremost of Noble Ladies, Truth is the soul of re' came to rule during the 18th dynasty, she was the favorite daughter of Tuthmosis 1, and was married to her half brother. When their father died her husband ascended the throne and became Tuthmosis 11 the 4th king of the 18th Dynasty. He married the courageous and energetic Hatshepsut to strengthen his right to the throne. Tuthmosis 11 only reigned for a year with Hatshepsut when he died, and so his son by a minor wife, Tuthmosis 111 was appointed heir.  Due to the young age of this boy king Hatshepsut became regent and reigned on behalf of the boy, who later grew up to become one of Egypt’s greatest military pharaohs, the French were so impressed by Tuthmosis 111 military skills that they gave him the name the 'Egyptian Napoleon' .

Hatshepsut was content  to reign as regent. In the early years.  During the reign of her father Tuthmosis 1 Hatshepsut had been allowed to be involved with the dealings of his government, which had obviously inspired her confidence and a strong will to get her own way in life, and so she initially used  the strength of her fathers favoritism to her benefit,  she  also held the strong position among the Theban priests as the mortal Gods wife of Amun,  this position alone offered her  a superior  power,  as to be the living wife of the God Amun Ra is higher than to be the wife of a king.,  with this power  and support of the priesthood of Amun, she was able to seize control, casting aside the young Tuthmosis whom she sent away to train as a priest and scribe and then later as a soldier. By the time of Hatshepsut’s death he had risen up the ranks of the army to the Rank of Commander in Chief. During his years away from Thebes Hatshepsut declared herself as Pharaoh and began to dress as a man, many statues represent her as a king with a false beard. On the mortuary temple walls her birth relief’s  portray that it was the divine intention of both her  earthly father Tuthmosis 1 and her heavenly father Amun that she would rule Egypt, In the birth Colonnade it declares: ‘Amen –Ra called for the god Khumn the creator and fashioner of the bodies of men.’ Fashion for me the body of my daughter and the body of her Ka, a great queen shall I make of her, and honor and power shall be worthy of her dignity and glory’  ‘Amun-Ra answered Khumn ‘It shall be done as you have said.  So Khumn fashioned the body of Amen-Ra’s daughter and the body of her Ka, the two forms exactly alike, and more beautiful than the daughters of men. He fashioned them with clay from the air of his potters wheel and Heqet goddess of birth with the frogs head, knelt by his side holding the sign of life towards the clay that the bodies of Hatshepsut and her Ka might be filled with life and breath, and so one of the greatest queens of Egypt was announced to the world.

Hatshepsut had a peaceful reign, she concentrated on trade rather than conquest, the walls of her temple shows her famous trading expedition to the Land of Punt, now known as Somalia. To indicate their willingness to submit to an Egyptian sovereign the people of Punt showered the Egyptians with gifts for Hatshepsut. Their gifts included gold and ivory, great heaps of precious balsams and incense for the temples, animals plants and trees for transplantation on the Egyptian soil,  this is recorded on the punt colonnade, where small African houses are shown standing on wooden stilts, beautiful tropical birds are carved flying across the sky and lots of varieties of fish are recorded

Hatshepsut’s name had reached as far as the circuit of heaven and encompassed the great circle (the sea) the best of myrrh was upon her limbs and her fragrance was of divine dew, whilst her odour was mingled with the land of Punt. Her skin was gilded with electrum that shone like the stars at night
Foreign lands were regarded as the personal property of The Goddess Hathor, and the goods that the Egyptians obtained from these countries were considered to be gifts from Hathor, so the return to Thebes with all the treasures from Punt would have been the cause for great celebrations. Now that her reign was strengthened and successful, Hatshepsut made plans with her architect Senemut to build herself a Mortuary Temple fit for a King, and so her unusual three storied columned temple rose up the side of the Theban Mountains of El Dier El Bahari. When looking at a map I realized that the temple with its entrance ramps is in direct line with Karnack Temple the House of Amun on the East Bank, Sheshat the goddess of the Cosmos guided the priests with her skills of the stars and heavens, to achieve such an accurate invisible line from Hatshepsut’s temple to Karnack temple. Originally Myrrh trees lined the entrance ramps and its lower terrace up into the temple; these were trees that had been sent from the expedition to punt and are shown being transported in large baskets on the reliefs in the temple. Polish Archaeologists have restored much of Hatshepsut’s Temple to its former glory.

Having brought prosperity and peace to Egypt Hatshepsut disappeared from all records as to her death or whereabouts leaving us with a mystery. Tuthmosis 111 was now a grown man and he claimed the supreme power that he had been denied for so many years, systematically he ordered Hatshepsut’s cartouches and monuments to be defaced or destroyed to curse her with permanent death, by doing this he was satisfying the ancient belief that whilst a person’s name existed or was still spoken, immortality would be gained so by defacing her cartouches he was denying her eternal life.  It was believed that Hatshepsut’s mummy had been buried with that of her father's Tuthmosis 1 in KV20, but when Howard Carter found their tomb on 1903 both their mummies were missing. Thirty years earlier  Ahmed Rassul was searching the hillside for a lost goat, he could hear it bleating and so he followed the sounds until he found himself stood at the edge of a shaft that the goat had obviously fallen into,  Ahmed climbed down a rope into the shaft, once inside the tomb he realized he had found a great collection of mummies, so he retrieved the goat and went in search of his brothers to tell them of his discovery, together the brothers decided that they needed a plan to  keep people away from the tomb and protect their discovery ensuring their wealth to come. They returned to the tomb and threw a dead donkey inside the shaft, the stench of the donkey as it decayed would erase any further curiosity from others, and possibly convincing any suspicious minds that a demon had woken in the tomb. Over the next ten years the tomb robbers prospered with their treasure trove that gradually made its way to the hands of collectors and auction houses. Eventually The Antiquities service realized that a tomb must have been found, and so Sir Gaston Maspero sent one of the museum staff Emil Brugsch to discover where the artifacts were coming from. Emile presented himself as a wealthy buyer which gained the trust of the traders, and finally led him to the Abd Rasul Brothers. The brothers were arrested and tortured and despite a severe beating on the soles of the feet they would not give their discovery away, eventually after a month they were released, but then the police harassed their family and the villagers at Quarna continuously until eventually one of the brothers confessed to the police where the tomb was to avoid any further harassment of themselves or the rest of the villagers.

Once the Rassul brothers confessed to knowing the whereabouts of the tomb they begrudgingly led Emile Brugsch to the cliffs at the side of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Dier El Bahari and he was guided down a rope into a tomb where to his amazement he found not one mummy case but the remains of over forty mummies. The tomb is known as DB320 it had originally been the family vault of Pinedjem 1 a High Priest of Amun during the 21st dynasty who had declared himself a king. During his rule He had removed some of the kings from their own tombs, possibly to acquire some of their wealth,  after his death further kings moved them again and amidst all the confusion the kings all finally were found in this one vault, Some of the mummy cases held the bodies of the greatest pharaohs of all time, including Seti 1 whose empty sarcophagus had originally been found in his tomb by Giovanni Belzoni, Ramses 11 ‘The Great’, Tuthmosis 1, the father of Hatshepsut, who had also been the first King to be buried in The Valley of The Kings. His burial had been carried out in great secrecy and entrusted to a High Court Official named Ineni, Tuthmosis 11 and his son Tuthmosis 111 princes, princesses, court officials and royal grandchildren. Queen Nefatari’s mummy case was also found in the cache and took sixteen men to lift its weight and move it alone. The Coffin of Ramses 1 was found in this vault but his mummy was missing, it has since been discovered that the robbers had sold Ramses 1 to a Canadian man for seven pounds

After 3,000 years of seclusion the Royal mummies left Dier El Bahari  and were carried by donkeys and mules to the banks of the Nile where they were transported to Cairo. Women came to the riverbank and wailed in mourning for the deceased kings and their kin. Never in the history of any nation has there been such an awesome entourage of deceased royalty, the glory of Ancient Egypt rose again as their pharaohs traveled to safety in Cairo, their final resting place, where modern scientists now continue the work of some of the ancient priests to protect and preserve the mummies of their kings.

Eight anonymous mummies were also found in another cache in 1881.  I had wondered initially if one of the mummies from this cache was a tomb robber. He must have committed some form of sacrilege to the royal mummies to have been subjected to such  a heinous death, his coffin was  found abandoned in the  corridor alone, whilst the remainder of the  mummies were in the burial chamber, there were no  inscriptions on the coffin  to indicate the man's name and the coffin had also been sealed down to prevent escape, he was probably a noble as his ears had been pierced which is a sign of high birth or priesthood, yet his body was wrapped in a sheepskin, this is a ritually unclean burial, perhaps it was Pertwere, the son of Ramses 111  whose mother had instigated the harem plot,  his hands and feet were bound together,  his face was distorted showing him screaming in terror , and his genitals had been sliced off.  The High Priests would be satisfied  that this man would die in lingering torment   whilst his soul  would be cast into the chaos of eternal death instead of the eternal life that  Egyptians craved,  it would be considered a just punishment  for trying to usurp his fathers throne . 
The mummy of King Seqenere Tao 11 who had lived 300 years before Ramses The Great and had ruled Egypt under the Hyksos period of invasion was also found in the cache at Dier El Bahari, he had died of a violent death, blows from a battle axe had left a gaping hole in his skull, it has been suggested that he was betrayed by the un-named mummy whom the priests had condemned to the horrendous death in the un-named coffin. His son Ahmose 1 was also found in the cache, and his mummy now lies in the Warrior section of Luxor museum.

A second cache of mummies were discovered by Victor Loret in 1898, one of the mummies was given the title 'Elder Lady' as their were no means of identifying her, many years passed before her body was finally identified. When Tutankhamen’s tomb was cleared of all its wealth and finery, they came across a small box that held a lock of his grandmother’s hair. Tests were concluded in the 1970's on a piece of the hair and it confirmed that the 'Elder Lady' was the grandmother of Tutankhamun, the mother of Akhenaton, and the Great Wife of Amenophis 111- Queen Tiye, who was the daughter of a chariot officer and therefore a commoner so it was unusual that she was the Great Wife of a King. Amenophis obviously loved and respected his wife because he also had her depicted on statues with him, she embraces his leg on the colossi of Memnon
Once the excitement of finding the cache of the most famous of the New Kingdom Kings had dissipated, people then began to ask, ‘where is the mummy of Hatshepsut?’ In 1903 Howard Carter found an undecorated tomb that had been pillaged in antiquity, inside the tomb laid the mummies of two women, this tomb was not of much interest to Howard carter as it did not contain treasure that it was his ambition to find, so he resealed the tomb and wrote a few notes of its condition and whereabouts. Three years later Edward Ayrton entered the tomb that had been registered as KV60 to collect one of the women who was laid in a coffin so that she could be shipped to Cairo; the inscriptions identified her as Sitre, who was the nurse of Hatshepsut. The tomb was then sealed again leaving the remaining woman alone to the silence of more years in an empty tomb,  its whereabouts were then lost and the lady forgotten about until another eighty years had passed, and then in June 1989 an archaeologist named Donald P Ryan rediscovered the tomb again, rubble and sand were cleared away until he was able to climb down a staircase leading into the depths of the tomb where fragments of pottery wooden coffin pieces and mummy wrappings littered the floor. Arriving at the burial chamber he found the mummy of the abandoned lady lying in the middle of the room.  Although no inscriptions were found that could help identify the lady she was obviously of importance and high ranking as she had been buried in the Valley of the Kings, although the tomb she was found in was undecorated I began to wonder could Tuthmosis 111 have wished to deny Hatshepsut the pleasure and magical words with the prayers of a decorated tomb? That would assist her journey to an eternal life. In a niche Dr.Ryan also discovered a small piece of a face from a coffin, thieves had removed the gold foil covering, but this fragment had a notch at the chin which could have been used to hold a false beard,   Hatshepsut wore a false beard to represent herself as a pharaoh. The evidence found within this tomb suggests that one of these ladies could have been Queen Hatshepsut herself. I have always admired Hatshepsut, and I do believe that you can’t keep a good woman down, she deserves the best, and I wonder if that is also why her Osiris statues smile as they survey the land from the terrace of her mortuary temple, this queen has risen again and will take her rightful place.

In 2007 Dr. Hawas investigated four mummies that had been taken to the Cairo museum, two from KV60 and two from DB320, he also had a wooden box that bore the cartouches of Hatshepsut, which contained the liver of the queen, and also a tooth that had fallen from the mummy during preparations for burial, so the embalmers put the tooth into the box.  With modern technology cat scans and close dental inspection of the mummies, they found that the lady from KV60 was missing a tooth, but the hole left behind and the type of tooth that was missing was an exact match for the loose one in the box from DB320 Which therefore offers the proof that this is the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut. And so finally this Amazing Queen will take her place with other royalty in the Cairo Museum once more.

Finally I feel that I cannot ride away from this momentous cul-de-sac of strength without relating to you the story of loyalty and honor that I have been told of that once lay in the tombs  near to the ruins of Mentuhotep’s Mortuary temple at the side of Hatshepsut’s temple. In 2040 BC Mentuhotep fought and won a battle against the leaders of the North of Egypt. Many of his soldiers died on the battlefield for him, and so to honor them he had sixty of their bodies collected and buried in the tombs facing his mortuary temple. It was their courage and sacrifice that had elevated him to ruler of all Egypt, and united the Two Lands of Upper and Lower Egypt, he became the founder of the Middle Kingdom and his Mortuary Temple was the first to be built at Dier El Bahari until the architect Senemut raised the  larger Temple of Hatshepsut at it's side.